浮梁结合广济桥 1lmfmvgo

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一座桥，修建了五十七年才完工，不奇怪。在南宋缺少大型现代化建筑工具的时代治疗白癜风北京医院，修建一座跨越大江的桥梁，很不容易。在将近一千年的岁月里，这座桥几乎不停地被修、改、扩等，就不平常了。潮州的广济桥，就是一座这样的桥。广济桥最大的特色，是集梁桥、浮桥、拱桥于一体。它是我国古桥的孤例，著名桥梁专家茅以升称它为“世界上最早的启闭式桥梁”。   

　　茅以升我们知道，他的文章《中国石拱桥》，是我们上学时说明文的范本。通过他的文章，我们认识了中国最著名的两座桥—赵州桥和卢沟桥。卢沟桥我去过两次，一次是晚上，一次是下午，没有赶上“卢沟晓月”的时刻。赵州桥，“大拱的肩上，各有两个小拱，既减轻了桥的重量，又增加了美观。”写到这里，我异常得意，几十年前背下来的东西，还能记忆如斯。可是，赵州桥的美丽，只是在茅以升的文章中鉴赏，没有亲自去看过。   

　　这一回到潮州，站在韩文公祠的高处，看到一座巍峨的大桥横跨韩江，它就是中国四大桥梁之一的广济桥。广济桥又名康济桥或湘子桥。康济桥是南宋初建时的名字，它是广东通往福建浙江等地的重要通道。广济桥建成后，就因为这样那样的原因，总是被折腾。现在我们看到广济桥，是明朝的样式。明宣德十年，潮州知府王源主持对桥进行规模空前的重修。最大的改变是，为避免行人遭受日晒雨淋还在桥上建起一百二十六间亭屋，亭屋间建造了十二座楼阁。江心急流处，用二十四艘船只连结为浮桥。浮桥用三根铁索固定，每根铁索重达四千斤。“广济桥”的名字，就是这次修缮后更皮肤病治疗医院哪家好改的，它寓意“广济百粤之民”。   

　　广济桥，由东西二段石梁桥和中间一段浮桥组合而成。梁桥又由桥墩、石梁和桥亭三部分组成。东边有桥墩十二个，桥台一座，桥孔十二个；西边有桥墩八个北京医院白癜风治疗，桥孔七个。中间浮桥长九十七米多，由十八只木船连接而成。   

　　漫步在广济桥上，没有一点感觉是走在水上。连续的亭台，恍如是公园的休息点。桥亭全部建在桥墩上，好像是两座亭子夹一座阁，以大桥中轴线为轴纵向排列。亭台是二亭共同占据一座桥墩，分立大桥中轴线的南北两边。亭台依着地势形态，顶部有攒尖、圆形、三角形、四角形、扇面等等。阁，称为殿式阁。殿式阁为东西向，横跨桥面，一阁占有一墩。阁顶有歇山、硬山和悬山等样子，平稳威严北京哪家医院能治疗好白癜风，像皇宫的大殿那般，故称殿式阁。   

　　有亭有阁的桥，在两头，中间是浮桥。浮桥由十八只木船横向并排连接，船中央铺设了木板作桥面。浮桥二头用铁链固定在梁桥的矶头墩，随水位涨落而高低变化。浮桥可启可闭，闭合可连接二边梁桥，开启可以通行大型船舶和快速排洪。第二天下午我们在江滨公园闲逛时，正好赶上浮桥开启。好几艘运沙船要经过这段，十二条船迅速被划走，大机帆船突突过来，一点没有不畅快。我们想看到桥是如何闭合的，等了好长时间，还有船儿通过，只得作罢。桥的观赏性和实用性，我们到时看到了，没想到的待遇。   

　　桥的东头，还有一座大铁牛。铁牛，广济桥的标志。本来东西各有一座铁牛，镇水的宝贝。介绍上说，东头的铁牛在道光二十二年的一次大水时失落，至今下落不明。西头这只，孤零零坚守在广济桥上，成了众多游客眼里的最好的风景之一，照相的道具。潮州民间至今还有“两只铁牛一只溜”的民谣。   

　　每一座亭阁，都有对联和牌匾，不同的含义，不同的字体，表达的都是对风光的赞美。饶宗颐、权希军、刘艺书等著名文人、书法家和当地名家的作品，镌刻在桥上，游人们在把玩文字的同时，还可以欣赏书法艺术特有的魅力。   

　　今天的广济桥，不再是交通工具。为了保护着这座名桥，在距离广济桥一公里处新建了韩江大桥来勾连东西，古老的广济桥，成了游人必去的重要景点。

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